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Tarmacadam is a road surfacing material made by combining macadam surfaces, tar, and sand, invented by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam in the early 1800s and patented by Welsh inventor Edgar Purnell Hooley in 1902. The terms 'tarmacadam' and tarmac are also used for a variety of other materials, including tar-grouted macadam, bituminous surface treatments, and modern asphalt concrete.

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This article will show you how to do a full system backup with tar.

Backing up with tar has the advantages of using compression that can help save disk space, and simplicity. The process only requires several steps, they are:

  1. Boot from a LiveCD
  2. Change root to the Linux install
  3. Mount additional (if any) partitions/drives
  4. Add exclusions
  5. Use the backup script to backup

To minimize downtime the backup can alternatively be performed on a running system using LVM snapshots,if all filesystems reside on LVM volumes.

Boot with LiveCD

Many Linux bootable CDs, USBs.. have the ability to let you change root to your install. While changing root is not necessary to do a backup, it provides the ability to just run the script without need to transfer it to a temporary drive or having to locate it on the filesystem. The Live medium must be of the same architecture that your Linux install currently is (i.e. i686 or x86_64).

Changing root

First you should have a scripting environment set up on your current Linux install. If you do not know what that is, it means that you are able to execute any scripts that you may have as if they are regular programs. If you do not, see this article on how to do that. What you will need to do next is change root, to learn more about what changing root is, read this. When you change root, you do not need to mount any temporary file systems (/proc, /sys, and /dev). These temporary file systems get populated on boot and you actually do not want to backup them up because they can interfere with the normal (and necessary) population process which can change on any upgrade. To change root, you will need to mount your current Linux installs root partition. For example:

Use fdisk -l to discover you partitions and drives. Now chroot:

Warning: Do not use arch-chroot to chroot into the target system - the backup process will fail as it will try to back up temporary file systems, all system memory and other interesting things. Use plain chroot instead.

This example obviously uses bash but you can use other shells if available. Now you will be in your scripted environment (this is provided that you have your ~/.bashrc sourced on entry):

Mount other partitions

Other partitions that you use (if any) will need to be mounted in their proper places (e.g. if you have a separate /homePod (itch) mac os. partition).

Exclude file

tar has the ability to ignore specified files and directories. The syntax is one definition per line. tar also has the capability to understand regular expressions (regexps). For example:

Backup script

Backing up with tar is straight-forward process. Here is a basic script that can do it and provides a couple checks. You will need to modify this script to define your backup location, and exclude file (if you have one), and then just run this command after you have chrooted and mounted all your partitions.

Restoring

To restore from a previous backup, mount all relevant partitions, change the current working directory to the root directory, and execute

replacing backupfile with the backup archive. Removing all files that had been added since the backup was made must be done manually. Recreating the filesystem(s) is an easy way to do this.

Backup with parallel compression

To back up using parallel compression (SMP), use pbzip2 (Parallel bzip2):

Store etc-backup.tar.bz2 on one or more offline media, such as a USB stick, external hard drive, or CD-R. Occasionally verify the integrity of the backup process by comparing original files and directories with their backups. Possibly maintain a list of hashes of the backed up files to make the comparison quicker.

Restore corrupted /etc files by extracting the etc-backup.tar.bz2 file in a temporary working directory, and copying over individual files and directories as needed. To restore the entire /etc directory with all its contents execute the following command as root: Ithoughtsx (mindmap) 5 1.

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Tarmacadam is a road surfacing material made by combining macadam surfaces,[1]tar, and sand, invented by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam in the early 1800s and patented by Welsh inventor Edgar Purnell Hooley in 1902. The terms 'tarmacadam' and tarmac are also used for a variety of other materials, including tar-groutedmacadam, bituminous surface treatments, and modern asphalt concrete. The term is also often colloquially used to describe airport aprons (also referred to as 'ramps'), taxiways, and runways regardless of the surface.

Origins[edit]

Pioneered by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam in the 1820s, macadam roads are prone to rutting and generating dust. Methods to stabilize macadam surfaces with tar date back to at least 1834 when John Henry Cassell, operating from Cassell's Patent Lava Stone Works in Millwall, patented 'lava stone'.[2] This method involved spreading tar on the subgrade, placing a typical macadam layer, and finally sealing the macadam with a mixture of tar and sand. High 5 casino slot games. Tar-grouted macadam was in use well before 1900, and involved scarifying the surface of an existing macadam pavement, spreading tar, and re-compacting. Although the use of tar in road construction was known in the 19th century, it was little used and was not introduced on a large scale until the motorcar arrived on the scene in the early 20th century.

In 1901, Edgar Purnell Hooley was walking in Denby, Derbyshire, when he noticed a smooth stretch of road close to an ironworks. He was informed that a barrel of tar had fallen onto the road, and someone poured waste slag from the nearby furnaces to cover up the mess.[3] Hooley noticed this unintentional resurfacing had solidified the road, and there was no rutting and no dust.[3] Hooley's 1902 patent for tarmac involved mechanically mixing tar and aggregate before lay-down, and then compacting the mixture with a steamroller. The tar was modified by adding small amounts of Portland cement, resin, and pitch.[4]Nottingham's Radcliffe Road became the first tarmac road in the world.[3]

In 1903 Hooley formed Tar Macadam Syndicate Ltd and registered tarmac as a trademark.[3]

Later developments[edit]

As petroleum production increased, the by-product bitumen became available in greater quantities and largely supplanted coal tar. The Macadam construction process quickly became obsolete because of its onerous and impractical manual labour requirement; however, the somewhat similar tar and chip method, also known as (bituminous) surface treatment (BST) or 'chip-seal', remains popular.

While the specific tarmac pavement is not common in some countries today, many people use the word to refer to generic paved areas at airports,[5] especially the apron near airport terminals,[6] although these areas are often made of concrete. Similarly in the UK, the word tarmac is much more commonly used by the public when referring to asphalt concrete.

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See also[edit]

  • History of road transport – covers the development of road-building techniques

References[edit]

  1. ^'Coloured Tarmacadam'. www.colouredtarmacadam.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
  2. ^From: 'Northern Millwall: Tooke Town', Survey of London: volumes 43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs (1994), pp. 423–433 Date accessed: 24 May 2009
  3. ^ abcd'The man who invented Tarmac'. BBC. 24 December 2016.
  4. ^Hooley, E. Purnell, U.S. Patent 765,975, 'Apparatus for the preparation of tar macadam', July 26, 1904
  5. ^'Tarmac, n'. Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. June 2011.
  6. ^'Has tarmac become a generic trademark?'. genericides.org. Retrieved February 17, 2021.

External links[edit]

  • The dictionary definition of tarmacadam at Wiktionary

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