If none of the native Mac programs work, try some Windows programs under Wine. Reportedly, Deep Sky Stacker and Registax work under Wine. If they don't work, and you can't find Mac options, then you're going to have to resort to running Windows in BootCamp, if you don't want to run a Windows VM. Hi all,Ive been using Lynkeos to stack my images for the past few days, however, I have moved from using JPEG to RAW files and it would appear that the program cant handle the amount of data contained in a few RAW photographs. It just crashes when stacking. I have also tried using Keiths Image St.

HFS
Developer(s)Apple Computer
Full nameHierarchical File System
IntroducedSeptember 17, 1985; 35 years ago with System 2.1
Partition identifierApple_HFS (Apple Partition Map)
0xAF (MBR) HFS and HFS+
Structures
Directory contentsB-tree
File allocationBitmap
Bad blocksB-tree
Limits
Max. volume size2 TiB (2 × 10244 bytes)
Max. file size2 GiB (2 × 10243 bytes)
Max. number of files65535
Max. filename length31 characters
Allowed characters in filenamesAll 8-bit values except colon ':'. Discouraged null and nonprints.
Features
Dates recordedCreation, modification, backup
Date rangeJanuary 1, 1904 - February 6, 2040
Date resolution1s
ForksOnly 2 (data and resource)
AttributesColor (3 bits, all other flags 1 bit), locked, custom icon, bundle, invisible, alias, system, stationery, inited, no INIT resources, shared, desktop
File system permissionsAppleShare
Transparent compressionYes (third-party), Stacker
Transparent encryptionNo
Other
Supported operating systemsClassic Mac OS, macOS, Linux, Microsoft Windows (through MacDrive or Boot CampIFS drivers)[citation needed]

Hierarchical File System (HFS) is a proprietaryfile system developed by Apple Inc. for use in computer systems running Mac OS. Originally designed for use on floppy and hard disks, it can also be found on read-only media such as CD-ROMs. HFS is also referred to as Mac OS Standard (or 'HFS Standard'), while its successor, HFS Plus, is also called Mac OS Extended (or 'HFS Extended').

With the introduction of Mac OS X 10.6, Apple dropped support for formatting or writing HFS disks and images, which remain supported as read-only volumes.[1] Starting with macOS 10.15, HFS disks can no longer be read.

History[edit]

Apple introduced HFS in September 1985, specifically to support Apple's first hard disk drive for the Macintosh, replacing the Macintosh File System (MFS), the original file system which had been introduced over a year and a half earlier with the first Macintosh computer. HFS drew heavily upon Apple's first hierarchical operating system (SOS) for the failed Apple III, which also served as the basis for hierarchical file systems on the Apple IIe and Apple Lisa. HFS was developed by Patrick Dirks and Bill Bruffey. It shared a number of design features with MFS that were not available in other file systems of the time (such as DOS's FAT). Files could have multiple forks (normally a data and a resource fork), which allowed the main data of the file to be stored separately from resources such as icons that might need to be localized. Files were referenced with unique file IDs rather than file names, and file names could be 255 characters long (although the Finder only supported a maximum of 31 characters).

However, MFS had been optimized to be used on very small and slow media, namely floppy disks, so HFS was introduced to overcome some of the performance problems that arrived with the introduction of larger media, notably hard drives. The main concern was the time needed to display the contents of a folder. Under MFS all of the file and directory listing information was stored in a single file, which the system had to search to build a list of the files stored in a particular folder. This worked well with a system with a few hundred kilobytes of storage and perhaps a hundred files, but as the systems grew into megabytes and thousands of files, the performance degraded rapidly.

The solution was to replace MFS's directory structure with one more suitable to larger file systems. HFS replaced the flat table structure with the Catalog File which uses a B-tree structure that could be searched very quickly regardless of size. HFS also redesigned various structures to be able to hold larger numbers, 16-bit integers being replaced by 32-bit almost universally. Oddly, one of the few places this 'upsizing' did not take place was the file directory itself, which limits HFS to a total of 65,535 files on each logical disk.

Mac Os Download

While HFS is a proprietary file system format, it is well-documented; there are usually solutions available to access HFS-formatted disks from most modern operating systems.

Apple introduced HFS out of necessity with its first 20 MB hard disk offering for the Macintosh in September 1985, where it was loaded into RAM from a MFS floppy disk on boot using a patch file ('Hard Disk 20'). However, HFS was not widely introduced until it was included in the 128K ROM that debuted with the Macintosh Plus in January 1986 along with the larger 800 KB floppy disk drive for the Macintosh that also used HFS. The introduction of HFS was the first advancement by Apple to leave a Macintosh computer model behind: the original 128K Macintosh, which lacked sufficient memory to load the HFS code and was promptly discontinued.

In 1998, Apple introduced HFS Plus to address inefficient allocation of disk space in HFS and to add other improvements. HFS is still supported by current versions of Mac OS, but starting with Mac OS X, an HFS volume cannot be used for booting, and beginning with Mac OS X 10.6 (Snow Leopard), HFS volumes are read-only and cannot be created or updated. In macOS Sierra (10.12), Apple's release notes state that 'The HFS Standard filesystem is no longer supported.'[2] However, read-only HFS Standard support is still present in Sierra and works as it did in previous versions.

Design[edit]

A storage volume is inherently divided into logical blocks of 512 bytes. The Hierarchical File System groups these logical blocks into allocation blocks, which can contain one or more logical blocks, depending on the total size of the volume. HFS uses a 16-bit value to address allocation blocks, limiting the number of allocation blocks to 65,535 (216-1).

Five structures make up an HFS volume:

  1. Logical blocks 0 and 1 of the volume are the Boot Blocks, which contain system startup information. For example, the names of the System and Shell (usually the Finder) files which are loaded at startup.
  2. Logical block 2 contains the Master Directory Block (aka MDB). This defines a wide variety of data about the volume itself, for example date & time stamps for when the volume was created, the location of the other volume structures such as the Volume Bitmap or the size of logical structures such as allocation blocks. There is also a duplicate of the MDB called the Alternate Master Directory Block (aka Alternate MDB) located at the opposite end of the volume in the second to last logical block. This is intended mainly for use by disk utilities and is only updated when either the Catalog File or Extents Overflow File grow in size.
  3. Logical block 3 is the starting block of the Volume Bitmap, which keeps track of which allocation blocks are in use and which are free. Each allocation block on the volume is represented by a bit in the map: if the bit is set then the block is in use; if it is clear then the block is free to be used. Since the Volume Bitmap must have a bit to represent each allocation block, its size is determined by the size of the volume itself.
  4. The Extent Overflow File is a B-tree that contains extra extents that record which allocation blocks are allocated to which files, once the initial three extents in the Catalog File are used up. Later versions also added the ability for the Extent Overflow File to store extents that record bad blocks, to prevent the file system from trying to allocate a bad block to a file.
  5. The Catalog File is another B-tree that contains records for all the files and directories stored in the volume. It stores four types of records. Each file consists of a File Thread Record and a File Record while each directory consists of a Directory Thread Record and a Directory Record. Files and directories in the Catalog File are located by their unique Catalog Node ID (or CNID).
    • A File Thread Record stores just the name of the file and the CNID of its parent directory.
    • A File Record stores a variety of metadata about the file including its CNID, the size of the file, three timestamps (when the file was created, last modified, last backed up), the first file extents of the data and resource forks and pointers to the file's first data and resource extent records in the Extent Overflow File. The File Record also stores two 16 byte fields that are used by the Finder to store attributes about the file including things like its creator code, type code, the window the file should appear in and its location within the window.
    • A Directory Thread Record stores just the name of the directory and the CNID of its parent directory.
    • A Directory Record which stores data like the number of files stored within the directory, the CNID of the directory, three timestamps (when the directory was created, last modified, last backed up). Like the File Record, the Directory Record also stores two 16 byte fields for use by the Finder. These store things like the width & height and x & y co-ordinates for the window used to display the contents of the directory, the display mode (icon view, list view, etc.) of the window and the position of the window's scroll bar.

Limitations[edit]

The Catalog File, which stores all the file and directory records in a single data structure, results in performance problems when the system allows multitasking, as only one program can write to this structure at a time, meaning that many programs may be waiting in queue due to one program 'hogging' the system.[3] It is also a serious reliability concern, as damage to this file can destroy the entire file system. This contrasts with other file systems that store file and directory records in separate structures (such as DOS's FAT file system or the Unix File System), where having structure distributed across the disk means that damaging a single directory is generally non-fatal and the data may possibly be re-constructed with data held in the non-damaged portions.

Additionally, the limit of 65,535 allocation blocks resulted in files having a 'minimum' size equivalent 1/65,535th the size of the disk. Thus, any given volume, no matter its size, could only store a maximum of 65,535 files. Moreover, any file would be allocated more space than it actually needed, up to the allocation block size. When disks were small, this was of little consequence, because the individual allocation block size was trivial, but as disks started to approach the 1 GB mark, the smallest amount of space that any file could occupy (a single allocation block) became excessively large, wasting significant amounts of disk space. For example, on a 1 GB disk, the allocation block size under HFS is 16 KB, so even a 1 byte file would take up 16 KB of disk space. This situation was less of a problem for users having large files (such as pictures, databases or audio) because these larger files wasted less space as a percentage of their file size. Users with many small files, on the other hand, could lose a copious amount of space due to large allocation block size. This made partitioning disks into smaller logical volumes very appealing for Mac users, because small documents stored on a smaller volume would take up much less space than if they resided on a large partition. The same problem existed in the FAT16 file system.

HFS saves the case of a file that is created or renamed but is case-insensitive in operation.

According to bombich.com, HFS is no longer supported on Catalina and future macOS releases.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Gagne, Ken (2009-08-31). 'Losing legacy data to Snow Leopard'. Computerworld. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
  2. ^'What's New in macOS: macOS Sierra 10.12'. Apple. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  3. ^Giampaolo, Dominic (1999). Practical File System Design with the Be File System(PDF). Morgan Kaufmann. p. 37. ISBN1-55860-497-9. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2017-02-13. Retrieved 2006-07-13.

External links[edit]

  • HFS specification from developer.apple.com
  • The HFS Primer (PDF) from MWJ - dead link as of 27. May 2017
  • Filesystems HOWTO: HFS - slightly out of date
  • HFS File Structure Explained - early description of HFS
  • DiskWarrior - Software to eliminate all damage to the HFS disk directory
  • MacDrive - Software to read and write HFS/HFS Plus-formatted disks on Microsoft Windows
  • hfsutils - open-source software to manipulate HFS on Unix, DOS, Windows, OS/2
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hierarchical_File_System&oldid=1011528196'

Focus stacking is very important in photography. There are times when one shot of the subject isn’t enough, or maybe the shots look good, but they’re a bit out of focus. To correct that, there are focus stacking software available and some HDR Camera Apps as well.

Related:

If you’re an aspiring photographer or if you just like taking photos and editing them in a way you haven’t done before, then our suggestions below will definitely work for you. Get your cameras ready and take those shots. These software will do the rest and improve the image’s quality to the best.

Rhythm Stacker Mac Os 11

Picolay

Chasy Draw IES

Enfuse

Helicon Focus for Windows

ImageJ for Mac

Lights, Camera, Edit!

  • Picolay
    Picolay is a focus stacking software with multiple uses. It can perform image processing, create slide shows, make animated GIF images, and more.
  • Chasy Draw IES
    Chasys Draw is capable of providing super-resolution image stacking, supports icon editing, can convert multiple files images, and many more. Runs on Windows XP, 2003, Vista, 7, 8, and 10.
  • Enfuse
    Enfuse makes images more compelling with its image blending tools. You can take shots with different exposures or angles and merge them into one unique picture. Supports Mac OSX 10.4 or higher and Windows XP, 2000, Vista, and 7.
  • Helicon Focus for Windows
    Helicon Focus was designed for macro and micro photography. Helicon has accurate color renditioning, state-of-the-art algorithm processes, and more.
  • ImageJ
    Built for scientific multidimensional images, ImageJ is an open source image processing software. It’s capable of performing a wide range of tasks and is highly flexible. It can also be used along with other software like MATLAB, KNIME, and ITK, to name a few.
  • Stacking Photo for Android
    Stacking Photo is one of the Camera Apps for Samsung Galaxy S6. Designed for those who can’t bring their laptops everywhere and would opt to use their smartphones for stacking images instead.
  • Adobe Photoshop
    Adobe Photoshop is easy to use, has stock assets like design templates, graphics, images, etc., helps you design your business cards or brochures, and it can remaster photos, remove objects, and combine images.
  • TuFuse
    TuFuse is a focus and exposure blending software that generates focus blended and exposure blended images. It’s also an open source software and is free of charge. It’s compatible with any Windows OS.
  • Photoacute studio
    PhotoAcute Studio improves image resolution, increases the depth of field, corrects geometry distortions, and a whole lot more. Compatible with Mac, Linux, Windows Phone, and Windows.
  • Zerene Stacker
    Zerene Stacker has amazing retouching capabilities, clean handling of bristles and hairs, advanced stacking algorithms, and a lot more. Supports Linux, Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10, and Mac OS X.

Stacking Photo for Android

Stacker

Adobe Photoshop- Most Popular Software

TuFuse

Photoacute studio

Zerene Stacker

Focus stacking software and apps are very useful. It lets us bring out a new kind of image from the picture we just took. We could make it brighter, darker, shinier, and a bunch of other things we could do. When we are using them, our imaginations are truly the limit.

They have the same value as Mobile Camera Apps, which lets us edit our faces into funny-looking images. Lets us enhance our facial features, lighten our skin, etc. Today, we’re not just taking pictures anymore. We are now enhancing them to the fullest and making them the best.

Rhythm Stacker Mac Os Download

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